A wide range of production capabilities, training and facilities are required as part of the creation of an infrastructure that will nurture nanotechnology and provide the basis for industrial development. For example, mathematics, computer modeling and simulation skills will be essential as well as an understanding of tools and standards. Frontier research requires advanced instrumentation to be available across the board; from the level of individual laboratories to national facilities. There is also a need for research on state-of-the-art instruments and their deployment.